Key Insight: Defendant required to produce computerized information; conduct of defendant and technical and complex nature of production warranted appointment of examiner pursuant to Fed. R. Civ. P. 53 to report to the court what materials the defendant possesses and whether defendant produced such material
Nature of Case: Antitrust
Electronic Data Involved: Tapes, files, programs, reports, input and output files
Key Insight: Where plaintiff demonstrated that allowing defendant unrestricted access to database would result in a clearly defined and serious injury, court held that plaintiff’s “confidential – attorneys’ eyes only” designation was appropriate and denied motion to compel
Nature of Case: Contract dispute
Electronic Data Involved: Database containing research data
Key Insight: Court rejected plaintiff’s motion to reconsider recommended decision on summary judgment and motion to supplement the record with additional electronic materials (including email) obtained from belatedly produced zip disk, since plaintiff failed to seek a continuance under Rule 56(f) and proffer came two months after receipt of electronic media and was therefore tardy
Nature of Case: Contract dispute
Electronic Data Involved: Electronic documents and email stored on “zip” disk
Key Insight: Plaintiffs allowed to serve appropriately-worded subpoenas on certain third parties for limited purpose of giving notice of action and placing them under duty to preserve relevant evidence
Nature of Case: Securities fraud
Electronic Data Involved: Unspecified electronic data of third parties
Key Insight: Reversing summary judgment for DOD, court stated that relevant inquiry as to whether an agency must provide information in requested format is whether, in general, a requested format is one that is “readily reproducible” by the agency, benchmarked against the agency’s “normal business as usual approach” with respect to reproducing data in the ordinary course of the agency’s business (not limited solely to the context of FOIA requests)
Nature of Case: FOIA action
Electronic Data Involved: Two electronic files in “zipped” format
Key Insight: Requiring insurer to create programs to retrieve and put in usable form information from its databases at its own expense, court stated: “[A] party cannot avoid discovery when its own recordkeeping system makes discovery burdensome. If a party chooses to store information in a manner that tends to conceal rather than reveal, that party bears the burden of putting the information in a format useable by others.” However, court did order that request for computer-generated reports be narrowed.
Nature of Case: Minority homeowners brought civil rights action alleging that insurer engaged in redlining to avoid minority neighborhoods
Electronic Data Involved: Insurer’s databases and computer-generated reports
Key Insight: Qwest general counsel sent urgent/confidential email to managers notifying them of “legal hold” related to pending SEC investigation and advising about the need to preserve certain categories of documents. The email contained a hidden “tracer” that gave notice whenever someone forwarded the email outside the Qwest network. Qwest discharged all employees who forwarded the email to outsiders on grounds of employment misconduct; subsequent denial of unemployment benefits was affirmed.
Nature of Case: Discharged employee appealed denial of unemployment benefits
Electronic Data Involved: Email containing tracer
Key Insight: Defendant ordered to provide copies of computer tapes containing data previously provided in hard copy form
Nature of Case: Challenge of decision by Dept. of Commerce to deny plaintiff access to computer tapes in trade investigation
Electronic Data Involved: Computer tapes containing costs and sales data
Key Insight: Email stored in government computers does not automatically become public records by virtue of that storage; private or personal email fell outside the statutory definition of “public records”
Nature of Case: Newspaper sued city to release as public record all email sent from or received by two city employees
Electronic Data Involved: Email
Key Insight: Negative inference instruction warranted where six gigabytes of music were downloaded onto hard drive the night before the computer was to be turned over for inspection
Nature of Case: Manufacturer sued former employees and their new competing company for misappropriation of trade secrets
Electronic Data Involved: Hard drive
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